Arguably his best works in the first years of the workshop were his woodcut prints, mostly religious, but including secular scenes such as The Men's Bath House (ca. The start of plague in Nuremberg was one reason for his leaving. Between 1512 and the final draft in 1528, Dürer's belief developed from an understanding of human creativity as spontaneous or inspired to a concept of 'selective inward synthesis'. [3], From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [27] While providing valuable documentary evidence, Dürer's Netherlandish diary also reveals that the trip was not a profitable one. In Italy, he returned to painting, at first producing a series of works executed in tempera on linen. [31] In other words, that an artist builds on a wealth of visual experiences in order to imagine beautiful things. [25] In July 1520 Dürer made his fourth and last major journey, to renew the Imperial pension Maximilian had given him and to secure the patronage of the new emperor, Charles V, who was to be crowned at Aachen. Albrecht-Dürer-Berufskolleg Städtische Schule der Sekundarstufe II. She was the daughter of a well known brass worker (and amateur harpist) in the city. This means he knew what could be made into a woodblock print, and how to work with the expert block cutters. He made watercolour sketches as he traveled over the Alps. [42], Title page of Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion showing the monogram signature of artist, Dürer often used multiview orthographic projections, In 1527, Dürer also published Various Lessons on the Fortification of Cities, Castles, and Localities (Etliche Underricht zu Befestigung der Stett, Schloss und Flecken). [9], Dürer's writings suggest that he may have been sympathetic to Luther's ideas, though it is unclear if he ever left the Catholic Church. [10] A self-portrait, a drawing in silverpoint, is dated 1484 (Albertina, Vienna) "when I was a child", as his later inscription says. Dürer wrote that this treasure "was much more beautiful to me than miracles. He became the most successful publisher in Germany, eventually owning twenty-four printing-presses and a number of offices in Germany and abroad. For example, "Schneckenlinie" ("snail-line") was his term for a spiral form. Dürer may even have contributed to the Nuremberg City Council's mandating Lutheran sermons and services in March 1525. It includes portraits of members of Venice's German community, but shows a strong Italian influence. Dürer wrote of his desire to draw Luther in his diary in 1520: "And God help me that I may go to Dr. Martin Luther; thus I intend to make a portrait of him with great care and engrave him on a copper plate to create a lasting memorial of the Christian man who helped me overcome so many difficulties. Despite complaining of his lack of a formal classical education, Dürer was greatly interested in intellectual matters and learned much from his boyhood friend Willibald Pirckheimer, whom he no doubt consulted on the content of many of his images. [32] He also derived great satisfaction from his friendships and correspondence with Erasmus and other scholars. He called her an "old crow" and made other vulgar remarks. However, he died before religious divisions had hardened into different "Catholic" and "Protestant"churches. In den letzten Jahren ist hierzu das „White Horse Theatre“ eingeladen worden. Albrecht Dürers Vater, Albrecht Dürer der Ältere, kam 1455 aus Ungarn nach Nürnberg und übte hier erfolgreich den Handwerksberuf eines Goldschmieds aus. The rhinoceros was in Lisbon, but Durer never saw it. Albrecht Dürer (/ˈdjʊərər/;[1] German: [ˈʔalbʁɛçt ˈdyːʁɐ];[2][3][1] 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),[4] sometimes spelled in English as Durer or Duerer (without an umlaut), was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. The Albrecht Dürer House, Schöner Brunnen fountain, and main shopping area are within easy walking distance. "'The Feast of the Rose Garlands': What Remains of Dürer?". From 1512, Maximilian I became Dürer's major patron. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. In 1512/13 his three criteria were function ('Nutz'), naïve approval ('Wohlgefallen') and the happy medium ('Mittelmass'). Also, a single man could not set up in business for himself in Nuremberg. Albrecht Dürer's House (German: Albrecht-Dürer-Haus) is a Nuremberg Fachwerkhaus that was the home of German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer from 1509 to his death in 1528. On his return to Nuremberg, Dürer worked on a number of grand projects with religious themes, including a crucifixion scene and a Sacra conversazione, though neither was completed. Dürer also made several portraits of the Emperor, including one shortly before Maximilian's death in 1519. His prints were often in a series, so that there is a group of different prints about a subject. Albrecht Dürer, sometimes spelled in English as Durer or Duerer, was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. He was 23, and the marriage was arranged while Dürer was away travelling. September 1502 in Nürnberg) war ein Goldschmied in Nürnberg. Überprüfen Sie die Übersetzungen von 'Albrecht Dürer' ins Englisch. It is unclear where Dürer travelled in the intervening period, though it is likely that he went to Frankfurt and the Netherlands. He was born on May 21, 1471 and died on April 6, 1528 in Nuremberg, Germany and is best known as a maker of old master prints. The Seven Sorrows Polyptych, commissioned by Frederick III of Saxony in 1496, was executed by Dürer and his assistants c. 1500. His most famous publication was the Nuremberg Chronicle, published in 1493 in German and Latin. He was soon producing some spectacular and original images, notably Nemesis (1502), The Sea Monster (1498), and Saint Eustace (c. 1501), with a highly detailed landscape background and animals. Thus, Dürer contributed to the expansion in German prose which Luther had begun with his translation of the Bible.[31]. Agnes was the daughter of a prominent brass worker (and amateur harpist) in the city. These drafts were later used to design Lusterweibchen chandeliers, combining an antler with a wooden sculpture. During this period he also completed the two woodcut series, the Great Passion and the Life of the Virgin. Your go-to source for the correct pronunciation of every english word you can think of! Dürer's vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books. Having secured his pension, Dürer finally returned home in July 1521, having caught an undetermined illness—perhaps malaria[29]—which afflicted him for the rest of his life, and greatly reduced his rate of work.[9]. In painting, there was only a portrait of Hieronymus Holtzschuher, a Madonna and Child (1526), Salvator Mundi (1526), and two panels showing St. John with St. Peter in background and St. Paul with St. Mark in the background. The fourth book completes the progression of the first and second by moving to three-dimensional forms and the construction of polyhedra. "Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy", British Museum Press. [4], Dürer died in Nuremberg at the age of 56, leaving an estate valued at 6,874 florins – a considerable sum. He was also familiar with the 'abbreviated construction' as described by Alberti and the geometrical construction of shadows, a technique of Leonardo da Vinci. Dürer's first painted self-portrait (now in the Louvre) was painted at this time, probably to be sent back to his fiancée in Nuremberg. Der Name Dürer leitet sich von seinem aus Ungarn stammenden Vater "Albrecht Dürer der Ältere" ab. Nuremberg was then an important and prosperous city, a centre for publishing and many luxury trades. Albrecht Dürers Kunst kennt fast jeder: Betende Hände, Der Feldhase, die Selbstbildnisse. He was born on May 21, 1471 and died on April 6, 1528 in Nuremberg, Germany and is best known as a maker of old master prints. Dürer based these constructions on both Vitruvius and empirical observations of "two to three hundred living persons",[31] in his own words. He complained that painting did not make enough money, so from 1511 to 1514 he concentrated on printmaking. : „Ajtósi Dürer“ Albrecht) (* um 1427 in Ajtós; † vor dem 20. For lists of Albrecht Dürer's works, see: German painter, printmaker and theorist (1471–1528), Nuremberg and the masterworks (1507–1520), The evidence for this trip is not conclusive; the suggestion it happened is supported by Panofsky (in his Albrecht Dürer, 1943) and others, but it has been disputed by other scholars, including Katherine Crawford Luber (in her Albrecht Dürer and the Venetian Renaissance, 2005), According to Vasari, Dürer sent Raphael a self-portrait in watercolour, and Raphael sent back multiple drawings. In architecture Dürer cites Vitruvius but elaborates his own classical designs and columns. 1467 heiratete er Barbara Holper (* 1452; † 16. [30] This may have been due in part to his declining health, but perhaps also because of the time he gave to the preparation of his theoretical works on geometry and perspective, the proportions of men and horses, and fortification. In 1535 it was also translated into Latin as On Cities, Forts, and Castles, Designed and Strengthened by Several Manners: Presented for the Most Necessary Accommodation of War (De vrbibus, arcibus, castellisque condendis, ac muniendis rationes aliquot : praesenti bellorum necessitati accommodatissimae), published by Christian Wechel (Wecheli/Wechelus) in Paris.[43]. [40] Here Dürer favours the methods of Ptolemy over Euclid. [16] De' Barbari was unwilling to explain everything he knew, so Dürer began his own studies, which would become a lifelong preoccupation. [9] This is the only existing engraving signed with his full name. Painter, printer, draughtsman, and art theorist, he remains most famous for his woodcuts. Complaining that painting did not make enough money to justify the time spent when compared to his prints, he produced no paintings from 1513 to 1516. [4] By this time Dürer's engravings had attained great popularity and were being copied. Albrecht Dürer, sometimes spelled in English as Durer or Duerer, was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Born in Nuremberg, Dürer established his reputation and influence across Europe when he was in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. Born in Nuremberg, Dürer established his reputation and influence across Europe when he was in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. Albrecht Dürer ist eine hervorragende Edelrose mit nostalgischem Flair. Dürer possibly did not cut his own woodblocks but may have employed a skilled carver who followed his drawings faithfully. The other, a work on city fortifications, was published in 1527. His most iconic images are his woodcuts of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497–1498) from the Apocalypse series, the Rhinoceros, and numerous self-portraits in oils. Back in Nuremberg, Dürer started work on a series of religious pictures. [n 2]. Dürer created large numbers of preparatory drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the Betende Hände (Praying Hands) from circa 1508, a study for an apostle in the Heller altarpiece. This was the altar-piece known as the Adoration of the Virgin or the Feast of Rose Garlands. 0211 89 973 09. Other paintings Dürer produced in Venice include The Virgin and Child with the Goldfinch, Christ among the Doctors (supposedly produced in just five days),[18] and a number of smaller works. tourismus.nuernberg.de [8] The German name "Dürer" is a translation from the Hungarian, "Ajtósi". [3], Dürer had started to learn goldsmithing and drawing from his father. In Venice he was given a valuable commission from the emigrant German community for the church of San Bartolomeo. Quotation from a letter to the secretary of the Elector of Saxony, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Albrecht - Deutsch-Übersetzung - Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch", "Duden | Dürer | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition", Dürer's hemispheres of 1515—the first European printed star charts, "Freedom and Resistance in the Act of Engraving (or, Why Dürer Gave up on Etching),", "Hierinn sind begriffen vier Bucher von menschlicher Proportion durch Albrechten Durer von Nurerberg", Instruction sur la fortification des villes: bourgs et châteaux, https://doi.org/10.18848/2326-9960/CGP/v12i01/1-10, Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Albrecht Durer, Exhibition, Albertina, Vienna, Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate, Portrait of the Artist's Mother at the Age of 63, List of works designed with the golden ratio, Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art, European Society for Mathematics and the Arts, Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Dürer&oldid=1014434054, People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from April 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SIKART identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with suppressed authority control identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Die Fachschaft Englisch organisiert jedes Jahr Theateraufführungen und Workshops an der Albrecht-Dürer-Schule. He was also known for his woodcuts and copper engravings, notably The Apocalypse series (1498), Adam and Eve (1504), Saint Jerome in His Study (1514), and The Rhinoceros (1515). Dürer may well have worked on some of these, as the work on the project began while he was with Wolgemut. [16], Appended to the last book, however, is a self-contained essay on aesthetics, which Dürer worked on between 1512 and 1528, and it is here that we learn of his theories concerning 'ideal beauty'. [6], Dürer's godfather Anton Koberger left goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher in the year of Dürer's birth. His first painted self-portrait is now in the Louvre. Das Genie aus Nürnberg hat die Kunst für immer verändert. It was not very lifelike, but still being used in some German school science text-books early last century. Später wurde der Name an die fränkische Aussprache angepasst und der Name Dürer entstand. Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a German painter, engraver and mathematician.[1][2]. A door is featured in the coat-of-arms the family acquired. Dürer's work on human proportions is called the Four Books on Human Proportion (Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion) of 1528. His well-known engravings include the three Meisterstiche (master prints) Knight, Death and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514). Dürer made large numbers of other practice drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the Praying Hands (1508 Albertina, Vienna). Famous paintings include a self-portrait from 1500 and the so-called Four Apostles (1526). He stayed at the house of Schongauer's brother, and got some pictures that Schongauer owned. Despite the regard in which he was held by the Venetians, Dürer returned to Nuremberg by mid-1507, remaining in Germany until 1520. The " Praying Hands " and the " Young Hare" by Albrecht Dürer are among the most reproduced motifs in art history. Dieses ist ein pädagogisches Theater, das englischsprachige Stücke an Schulen für alle Altersstufen aufführt. "Remaking Dürer: Investigating the Master Engravings by Masterful Engraving,". The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Dürer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Dürer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and Body proportions from him. Other works from this period include the thirty-seven Little Passion woodcuts, first published in 1511, and a set of fifteen small engravings on the same theme in 1512. His 1523 The Last Supper woodcut has often been understood to have an evangelical theme, focusing as it does on Christ espousing the Gospel, as well the inclusion of the Eucharistic cup, an expression of Protestant utraquism,[36] although this interpretation has been questioned. However, Dürer's influence became less dominant after 1515, when Marcantonio perfected his new engraving style, which in turn travelled over the Alps to dominate Northern engraving also. Schauen Sie sich Beispiele für Albrecht Dürer-Übersetzungen in Sätzen an, hören Sie sich die … "The Four Books on Measurement" were published at Nuremberg in 1525 and was the first book for adults on mathematics in German,[9] as well as being cited later by Galileo and Kepler. [n 4] Further outstanding pen and ink drawings of Dürer's period of art work of 1513 were drafts for his friend Pirckheimer. His workshop was a part of his large house. A series of extant drawings show Dürer's experiments in human proportion, leading to the famous engraving of Adam and Eve (1504), which shows his subtlety while using the burin in the texturing of flesh surfaces. Mai 1471 in Nürnberg; † 6. This was the altar-piece known as the Adoration of the Virgin or the Feast of Rose Garlands. Hart, Vaughan. In 1513 and 1514 Dürer created his three most famous engravings: Knight, Death and the Devil (1513, probably based on Erasmus's Handbook of a Christian Knight),[21] St. Jerome in His Study, and the much-debated Melencolia I (both 1514, the year Dürer's mother died). Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten Aussprache und … "The Unconscious and Space: Venice and the work of Albrecht Dürer", in, This page was last edited on 27 March 2021, at 01:33. Albrecht Dürer in Deutsch Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch. Dürer exerted a huge influence on the artists of succeeding generations, especially in printmaking, the medium through which his contemporaries mostly experienced his art, as his paintings were predominantly in private collections located in only a few cities. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatises, which involve principles of mathematics, perspective, and ideal proportions. Albrecht Dürer translation in English-Vietnamese dictionary. The post-Venetian woodcuts show Dürer's development of chiaroscuro modelling effects,[20] creating a mid-tone throughout the print to which the highlights and shadows can be contrasted. [7] He married Holper, his master's daughter, when he himself qualified as a master. Either way his drawing was destroyed when the block was cut. Dürer, Albrecht (translated by R.T. Nichol from the Latin text). Aktuelles; Termine; Roter Ordner; Von Eltern für Eltern; Info-Mails Archiv. It had 1,809 woodcut pictures by the Wolgemut workshop. [13] Through Wolgemut's tutelage, Dürer had learned how to make prints in drypoint and design woodcuts in the German style, based on the works of Schongauer and the Housebook Master. 'Navel Gazing. Dürer's godfather was Anton Koberger, who left goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher in the year Dürer was born. It was painted in Strasbourg, probably so that Dürer could send it back to his fiancée in Nuremberg. His father was a successful goldsmith from Ajtós, near Gyula in Hungary. In painting, Dürer had relatively little influence in Italy, where probably only his altarpiece in Venice was seen, and his German successors were less effective in blending German and Italian styles. His famous series of sixteen great designs for the Apocalypse are dated 1498. He continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of still lifes of meadow sections or animals, including his Young Hare (1502) and the Great Piece of Turf (1503). Detail, Haller Madonna, 1505, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Saint Jerome, 1521, Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon, Albrecht Dürer the Elder with a Rosary, 1490, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Portrait of Bernhard von Reesen, 1521, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, Rhinoceros, 1515, National Gallery of Art, Innsbruck Castle Courtyard, 1494, Gouache and watercolour on paper, Castle Segonzano, 1502, gouache and watercolour on paper, Young Hare, (1502), Watercolour and bodycolour (Albertina, Vienna), Albrecht Dürer, Tuft of Cowslips, 1526, National Gallery of Art. his absence. His reputation had spread throughout Europe. construction of the Gothic alphabet is based upon an entirely different modular system. Bildnis Albrecht Dürers d. Ä. von seinem Sohn Albrecht Dürer 1490 gemalt Inhaltsverzeichnis… The marriage between Agnes and Albrecht was not a generally happy one, as indicated by the letters of Dürer in which he quipped to Willibald Pirckheimer in an extremely rough tone about his wife. He left in 1490, possibly to work under Martin Schongauer, the leading engraver of Northern Europe, but who died shortly before Dürer's arrival at Colmar in 1492. Dürer returned home in July 1521. The most famous series are the Apocalypse (1498) and his two series on the passion of Christ, the Great Passion (1498–1510) and the Little Passion (1510–1511). Dürer went to Aachen for the coronation, but also made trips to Cologne, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, and Zeeland. [41] The first book was mainly composed by 1512/13 and completed by 1523, showing five differently constructed types of both male and female figures, all parts of the body expressed in fractions of the total height. He also continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of very beautiful still lives of meadow sections or animals, including his "Hare" (1502, Albertina, Vienna). Dürer's belief in the abilities of a single artist over inspiration prompted him to assert that "one man may sketch something with his pen on half a sheet of paper in one day, or may cut it into a tiny piece of wood with his little iron, and it turns out to be better and more artistic than another's work at which its author labours with the utmost diligence for a whole year". He had an unknown illness which stayed with him for the rest of his life, and slowed his rate of work.[3]. Over the next five years, his style increasingly integrated Italian influences into underlying Northern forms. Dürer worked with pen on the marginal images for an edition of the Emperor's printed Prayer-Book; these were quite unknown until facsimiles were published in 1808 as part of the first book published in lithography. (2001), Links to online museum images of all of Dürer's prints — see section B (nb: Not all Public Domain), http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/durer/, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Dürer&oldid=7278155, Pages using infobox artist with unknown parameters, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SIKART identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Info-Mails Archiv 2019/2020; Info-Mails Archiv 2016/2017; Info-Mails Archiv 2015/2016; Informationen von A-Z-L--N--S-Der Förderkreis; Unterricht. On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Dürer opened his own workshop. de'Barbari did not want to tell Dürer everything he knew, so Dürer began his own studies, and he kept studying for the rest of his life. Das Albrecht Dürer Haus, der Schöne Brunnen und das wichtigste Einkaufsviertel sind bequem zu Fuß zu erreichen. The second book moves onto two-dimensional geometry, i.e. [9], After completing his apprenticeship, Dürer followed the common German custom of taking Wanderjahre—in effect gap years—in which the apprentice learned skills from artists in other areas; Dürer was to spend about four years away. The Albrecht-Dürer house, part of the Albrecht-Dürer Trail, and his residence from the year 1509, allows a fascinating insight into his life and his art. After a few years of school, Dürer learned the basics of goldsmithing and drawing from his father. Here Dürer discusses the five Platonic solids, as well as seven Archimedean semi-regular solids, as well as several of his own invention. The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Dürer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Dürer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and proportion from him. Dieses ist ein pädagogisches Theater, das englischsprachige Stücke an Schulen für alle Altersstufen aufführt. For those of the Cardinal, Melanchthon, and Dürer's final major work, a drawn portrait of the Nuremberg patrician Ulrich Starck, Dürer depicted the sitters in profile. He started to use what he learned in Italy more and more, so his work was quite different from the other artists in Nuremberg who used only the traditional German style. He was in communication with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 was patronized by Emperor Maximilian I. Dürer is commemorated by … At the time it was the Holy Roman Empire. Unlike paintings, their sale was very rarely documented. Many translated example sentences containing "von Albrecht Dürer" – English-German dictionary and search engine for English translations. In early 1506, he returned to Venice and stayed there until the spring of 1507. He made the first seven scenes of the Great Passion in the same year, and a little later, a series of eleven on the Holy Family and saints. [13] He also would have had access to some Italian works in Germany, but the two visits he made to Italy had an enormous influence on him. St Jerome in the Wilderness, 1495, oil on panel, National Gallery, London. His commissions included The Triumphal Arch, a vast work printed from 192 separate blocks, the symbolism of which is partly informed by Pirckheimer's translation of Horapollo's Hieroglyphica. He was on friendly terms with most of the major artists of Europe, and exchanged drawings with Raphael. Français : Albrecht Dürer (21 mai 1471 - 7 avril 1528), peintre et graveur allemand. Notably, Dürer had contacts with various reformers, such as Zwingli, Andreas Karlstadt, Melanchthon, Erasmus and Cornelius Grapheus from whom Dürer received Luther's Babylonian Captivity in 1520. He stayed in Germany until 1520. In typography, Dürer depicts the geometric construction of the Latin alphabet, relying on Italian precedent. Dürer also needed new patrons following the death of Maximilian, and to avoid an outbreak of sickness in Nuremberg.
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